Ketogenic Diet

Description

A very low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet that shifts metabolism from glucose to ketones. From an evolutionary perspective, the human body is fundamentally adapted to fat-based metabolism, relying on ketones during periods of low carbohydrate intake, fasting, and seasonal food scarcity. The ketogenic diet mimics this ancestral metabolic state by restricting exogenous carbohydrates and allowing the body to use fat as its primary, stable energy source. This eliminates blood sugar spikes and leads to exceptionally stable glucose levels throughout the day.

Metabolic improvements: A ketogenic diet commonly reduces triglycerides, increases HDL, and shifts LDL particles toward larger, less inflammatory patterns. These changes reflect improved lipid metabolism and reduced insulin demand. Low insulin levels also support hormonal balance, and many individuals experience higher testosterone levels because insulin no longer suppresses testosterone production via SHBG and related pathways.

Nutrient density and vitamin C: Vitamin C absorption improves in low-carbohydrate states due to reduced competition with glucose at cellular transporters. Many micronutrients reach optimal levels on a ketogenic diet, though anecdotal evidence suggests some electrolytes—especially magnesium—can be difficult to obtain in adequate amounts and may need supplementation.

Histamine sensitivity: Individuals sensitive to histamine may benefit from combining ketogenic eating with a low-histamine strategy, choosing fresh, frozen, or minimally aged foods to reduce histamine load.

Fat quality matters: For optimal results, the ketogenic diet should emphasize high-quality fats from grass-fed, regeneratively raised animals, pastured sources, and naturally structured fats. These provide a better fatty acid profile, higher micronutrient density, and fewer inflammatory compounds. Wild-caught fish and wild game fats are also excellent options.

Used to Treat

[ 1 ] Haris Younas et al. (2007) DOI PMCID PMID [ 2 ] Carolyn D Ekpruke et al. (2025) DOI PMCID PMID [ 3 ] Muath Al-Rebdi et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID [ 4 ] J. Mey1 et al. (2025) Link
[ 5 ] Irene Caffa et al. (2020) DOI PMID [ 6 ] Salvatore Cortellino et al. (2023) DOI PMID [ 7 ] Albin Sjölin et al. (2022) Link [ 8 ] Sebastian Brandhorst et al. (2021) DOI PMID [ 9 ] Giulia Salvadori et al. (2021) DOI PMID [ 10 ] M Mansilla-Polo et al. (2024) DOI PMID
[ 11 ] Shaminie J Athinarayanan et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID [ 12 ] T Hu et al. (2015) DOI PMCID PMID [ 13 ] Thomas L Halton et al. (2006) DOI PMID [ 14 ] Tingting Dong et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID [ 15 ] Parisa Ghasemi et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID [ 16 ] Celeste E Naude et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID [ 17 ] Oliver Hamer et al. (2023) DOI
[ 18 ] Nicholas G. Norwitz et al. (2023) DOI [ 19 ] Guido K W Frank et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID [ 20 ] Yiru Dong et al. (2025) DOI PMID
[ 21 ] Qi Yan Ang et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID [ 22 ] Leslyn Rew et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID [ 23 ] Andrea Santangelo et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID
[ 24 ] Annick Huberts-Bosch et al. (2024) DOI PMID [ 25 ] Nanna Maria Uldall Torp et al. (2020) DOI PMID [ 26 ] Karolin Eder et al. (2025) DOI PMID [ 27 ] Yu Liu et al. (2023) DOI PMID [ 28 ] Naomi Elyse Omori et al. (2024) DOI PMID [ 29 ] Klaus W Lange et al. (2023) DOI PMID
[ 30 ] Jeffrey L B Bohnen et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID [ 31 ] Paschalis Devranis et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID [ 31 ] Paschalis Devranis et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID [ 32 ] Matthew K Taylor et al. (2019) DOI PMCID PMID [ 33 ] Annalise Schweickart et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID [ 34 ] Bryan J Neth et al. (2025) DOI PMCID PMID [ 35 ] Samuel T Henderson et al. (2008) PMCID PMID
[ 36 ] Vishal Sondhi et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID [ 37 ] Antonio Mutarelli et al. (2023) DOI PMID [ 38 ] Kirsty J Martin-McGill et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID [ 39 ] Francesco Pizzo et al. (2022) DOI PMID [ 40 ] Kinga Borowicz-Reutt et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID [ 41 ] Pejman Rohani et al. (2024) DOI PMID
[ 42 ] Camilla B SĂžrensen et al. (2021) DOI [ 43 ] M Briguglio et al. (2018) DOI PMID [ 44 ] Amanda K Ludlow et al. (2018) DOI PMID [ 45 ] Charlotte Veyrat-Durebex et al. (2018) DOI PMID
[ 46 ] Larissa J Strath et al. (2019) DOI PMCID PMID [ 47 ] Kade S. Lyman et al. (2019) DOI PMCID PMID [ 48 ] Jacopo Ciaffi et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID [ 49 ] Asia M Wiggins et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID
[ 50 ] Chia-Wei Cheng et al. (2017) DOI PMID [ 51 ] Min Wei et al. (2017) DOI PMID [ 52 ] Delphine Tinguely et al. (2021) DOI PMID [ 53 ] William S Yancy Jr et al. (2005) DOI PMID [ 54 ] Andrea Mario Bolla et al. (2019) DOI PMID [ 15 ] Parisa Ghasemi et al. (2024) DOI PMID [ 55 ] Raghad A Alarim et al. (2024) DOI PMID
[ 56 ] Xiaoshuai Zhang et al. (2019) DOI PMID [ 57 ] Justyna Jurczewska et al. (2022) DOI PMID [ 58 ] Luigi Barrea et al. (2018) DOI PMID [ 59 ] MaƂgorzata Szczuko et al. (2021) DOI PMID [ 60 ] Jim Parker et al. (2025) DOI PMID
[ 61 ] Vaia Lambadiari et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID [ 62 ] Giuseppe Castaldo et al. (2020) DOI PMID [ 63 ] Giuseppe Castaldo et al. (2015) DOI PMID
[ 64 ] Tianhao Shan et al. (2023) DOI PMID
[ 21 ] Qi Yan Ang et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID [ 22 ] Leslyn Rew et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID [ 23 ] Andrea Santangelo et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID
[ 65 ] Natalia ChyliƄska et al. (2025) DOI PMCID PMID [ 66 ] Franziska Spritzler et al. (2025) Link [ 67 ] Jessica Maloh et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID
[ 10 ] M Mansilla-Polo et al. (2024) DOI PMID [ 68 ] Eve M. Glazier et al. (2023) Link [ 67 ] Jessica Maloh et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID [ 69 ] Katie Roster et al. (2024) DOI PMID
[ 10 ] M Mansilla-Polo et al. (2024) DOI PMID [ 68 ] Eve M. Glazier et al. (2023) Link [ 67 ] Jessica Maloh et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID [ 69 ] Katie Roster et al. (2024) DOI PMID
[ 10 ] M Mansilla-Polo et al. (2024) DOI PMID [ 68 ] Eve M. Glazier et al. (2023) Link [ 67 ] Jessica Maloh et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID [ 69 ] Katie Roster et al. (2024) DOI PMID

How it Works

[ 71 ] Jiawei Ji et al. (2025) DOI PMID [ 72 ] Mariangela Rondanelli et al. (2024) DOI PMID [ 73 ] Ganggang Kong et al. (2022) DOI PMID [ 74 ] Rowena Field et al. (2023) DOI PMID [ 75 ] Jakub Formela et al. (2025) Link [ 76 ] Nicholas G Norwitz et al. (2024) DOI PMID [ 77 ] Leif Gerrit Keferstein et al. (2024) Link

Sources

[1] Caloric restriction prevents the development of airway hyperresponsiveness in mice on a high fat diet
[ 1 ] Haris Younas et al. (2007) DOI PMCID PMID
[2] Sex-Specific Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Ketogenic Diet in a Mouse Model of Allergic Airway Inflammation
[ 2 ] Carolyn D Ekpruke et al. (2025) DOI PMCID PMID
[3] Alleviation of Asthma Symptoms After Ketogenic Diet: A Case Report
[ 3 ] Muath Al-Rebdi et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID
[4] Ketogenic Strategies Improve Lung Function and Asthma Control in Women with Asthma and Obesity: A Pilot Multiple-crossover Feeding Trial
[ 4 ] J. Mey1 et al. (2025) Link
[5] Fasting-mimicking diet and hormone therapy induce breast cancer regression
[ 5 ] Irene Caffa et al. (2020) DOI PMID
[6] Fasting mimicking diet in mice delays cancer growth and reduces immunotherapy-associated cardiovascular and systemic side effects
[ 6 ] Salvatore Cortellino et al. (2023) DOI PMID
[7] Cancer whitepaper
[ 7 ] Albin Sjölin et al. (2022) Link
[8] Fasting and fasting-mimicking diets for chemotherapy augmentation
[ 8 ] Sebastian Brandhorst et al. (2021) DOI PMID
[9] Intermittent and Periodic Fasting, Hormones, and Cancer Prevention
[ 9 ] Giulia Salvadori et al. (2021) DOI PMID
[10] Popular Diets and Skin Effects: A Narrative Review
[ 10 ] M Mansilla-Polo et al. (2024) DOI PMID
[11] Impact of a 2-year trial of nutritional ketosis on indices of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes
[ 11 ] Shaminie J Athinarayanan et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID
[12] The low-carbohydrate diet and cardiovascular risk factors: Evidence from epidemiologic studies
[ 12 ] T Hu et al. (2015) DOI PMCID PMID
[13] Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women
[ 13 ] Thomas L Halton et al. (2006) DOI PMID
[14] The effects of low-carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors: A meta-analysis
[ 14 ] Tingting Dong et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID
[15] Impact of very low carbohydrate ketogenic diets on cardiovascular risk factors among patients with type 2 diabetes; GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials
[ 15 ] Parisa Ghasemi et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID
[16] Low-carbohydrate versus balanced-carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk
[ 16 ] Celeste E Naude et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID
[17] Low-carbohydrate diets for reducing cardiovascular risk and supporting weight loss in adults: a synthesis of systematic reviews
[ 17 ] Oliver Hamer et al. (2023) DOI
[18] Animal-based ketogenic diet puts severe anorexia nervosa into multi-year remission: A case series
[ 18 ] Nicholas G. Norwitz et al. (2023) DOI
[19] Therapeutic ketogenic diet as treatment for anorexia nervosa
[ 19 ] Guido K W Frank et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID
[20] Ketogenic Food Ameliorates Activity-Based Anorexia of Adult Female Mice
[ 20 ] Yiru Dong et al. (2025) DOI PMID
[21] Ketogenic Diets Alter the Gut Microbiome Resulting in Decreased Intestinal Th17 Cells
[ 21 ] Qi Yan Ang et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID
[22] The ketogenic diet: its impact on human gut microbiota and potential consequent health outcomes: a systematic literature review
[ 22 ] Leslyn Rew et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID
[23] The Influence of Ketogenic Diet on Gut Microbiota: Potential Benefits, Risks and Indications
[ 23 ] Andrea Santangelo et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID
[24] Effects of an elimination diet and a healthy diet in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: 1-Year prospective follow-up of a two-arm randomized, controlled study (TRACE study)
[ 24 ] Annick Huberts-Bosch et al. (2024) DOI PMID
[25] The use of diet interventions to treat symptoms of ADHD in children and adolescents - a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
[ 25 ] Nanna Maria Uldall Torp et al. (2020) DOI PMID
[26] The Acute and Long-Term Benefits of the Oligoantigenic Diet for Children and Adolescents on the Three Symptom Subdomains of ADHD: Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity
[ 26 ] Karolin Eder et al. (2025) DOI PMID
[27] Ketogenic diet ameliorates attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in rats via regulating gut microbiota
[ 27 ] Yu Liu et al. (2023) DOI PMID
[28] Exogenous ketone bodies and the ketogenic diet as a treatment option for neurodevelopmental disorders
[ 28 ] Naomi Elyse Omori et al. (2024) DOI PMID
[29] Nutrition in the Management of ADHD: A Review of Recent Research
[ 29 ] Klaus W Lange et al. (2023) DOI PMID
[30] Ketogenic interventions in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and critical appraisal
[ 30 ] Jeffrey L B Bohnen et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID
[31] Mediterranean Diet, Ketogenic Diet or MIND Diet for Aging Populations with Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review
[ 31 ] Paschalis Devranis et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID
[32] An Experimental Ketogenic Diet for Alzheimer Disease Was Nutritionally Dense and Rich in Vegetables and Avocado
[ 32 ] Matthew K Taylor et al. (2019) DOI PMCID PMID
[33] Serum and CSF metabolomics analysis shows Mediterranean Ketogenic Diet mitigates risk factors of Alzheimer's disease
[ 33 ] Annalise Schweickart et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID
[34] Consuming a modified Mediterranean ketogenic diet reverses the peripheral lipid signature of Alzheimer's disease in humans
[ 34 ] Bryan J Neth et al. (2025) DOI PMCID PMID
[35] Ketone bodies as a therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease
[ 35 ] Samuel T Henderson et al. (2008) PMCID PMID
[36] Efficacy of Ketogenic Diet, Modified Atkins Diet, and Low Glycemic Index Therapy Diet Among Children With Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Randomized Clinical Trial
[ 36 ] Vishal Sondhi et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID
[37] Modified Atkins diet for drug-resistant epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
[ 37 ] Antonio Mutarelli et al. (2023) DOI PMID
[38] Ketogenic diets for drug-resistant epilepsy
[ 38 ] Kirsty J Martin-McGill et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID
[39] Ketogenic diet in pediatric seizures: a randomized controlled trial review and meta-analysis
[ 39 ] Francesco Pizzo et al. (2022) DOI PMID
[40] Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Epilepsy
[ 40 ] Kinga Borowicz-Reutt et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID
[41] The efficacy of low glycemic index diet on seizure frequency in pediatric patients with epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis
[ 41 ] Pejman Rohani et al. (2024) DOI PMID
[42] Modified Atkins Diet for Tics Requiring Treatment in Tourette Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Early Versus Late Initiation
[ 42 ] Camilla B SĂžrensen et al. (2021) DOI
[43] Tics and obsessive-compulsive disorder in relation to diet: Two case reports
[ 43 ] M Briguglio et al. (2018) DOI PMID
[44] Understanding the impact of diet and nutrition on symptoms of Tourette syndrome: A scoping review
[ 44 ] Amanda K Ludlow et al. (2018) DOI PMID
[45] How Can a Ketogenic Diet Improve Motor Function?
[ 45 ] Charlotte Veyrat-Durebex et al. (2018) DOI PMID
[46] The Effect of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets on Pain in Individuals with Knee Osteoarthritis
[ 46 ] Larissa J Strath et al. (2019) DOI PMCID PMID
[47] Continuous care intervention with carbohydrate restriction improves physical function of the knees among patients with type 2 diabetes: a non-randomized study
[ 47 ] Kade S. Lyman et al. (2019) DOI PMCID PMID
[48] Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of a Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet in Women with Obesity and Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: A Pilot Interventional Study
[ 48 ] Jacopo Ciaffi et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID
[49] The effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on evoked pain and quality of life in Non-Hispanic black women with knee osteoarthritis: a pilot study
[ 49 ] Asia M Wiggins et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID
[50] Fasting-mimicking diet promotes Ngn3-driven ÎČ-cell regeneration to reverse diabetes
[ 50 ] Chia-Wei Cheng et al. (2017) DOI PMID
[51] Fasting-mimicking diet and markers/risk factors for aging, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease
[ 51 ] Min Wei et al. (2017) DOI PMID
[52] Efficacy of Ketogenic Diets on Type 2 Diabetes: a Systematic Review
[ 52 ] Delphine Tinguely et al. (2021) DOI PMID
[53] A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to treat type 2 diabetes
[ 53 ] William S Yancy Jr et al. (2005) DOI PMID
[54] Low-Carb and Ketogenic Diets in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
[ 54 ] Andrea Mario Bolla et al. (2019) DOI PMID
[55] Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients: Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials
[ 55 ] Raghad A Alarim et al. (2024) DOI PMID
[56] The Effect of Low Carbohydrate Diet on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
[ 56 ] Xiaoshuai Zhang et al. (2019) DOI PMID
[57] The Influence of Diet on Ovulation Disorders in Women—A Narrative Review
[ 57 ] Justyna Jurczewska et al. (2022) DOI PMID
[58] Source and amount of carbohydrate in the diet and inflammation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
[ 58 ] Luigi Barrea et al. (2018) DOI PMID
[59] Nutrition Strategy and Life Style in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome—Narrative Review
[ 59 ] MaƂgorzata Szczuko et al. (2021) DOI PMID
[60] Recognizing the Role of Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Paradigm Shift from a Glucose-Centric Approach to an Insulin-Centric Model
[ 60 ] Jim Parker et al. (2025) DOI PMID
[61] The Effect of a Ketogenic Diet versus Mediterranean Diet on Clinical and Biochemical Markers of Inflammation in Patients with Obesity and Psoriatic Arthritis: A Randomized Crossover Trial
[ 61 ] Vaia Lambadiari et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID
[62] Aggressive weight-loss program with a ketogenic induction phase for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis: A proof-of-concept, single-arm, open-label clinical trial
[ 62 ] Giuseppe Castaldo et al. (2020) DOI PMID
[63] Very low-calorie ketogenic diet may allow restoring response to systemic therapy in relapsing plaque psoriasis
[ 63 ] Giuseppe Castaldo et al. (2015) DOI PMID
[64] Ketogenic diet restrains herpes simplex encephalitis via gut microbes
[ 64 ] Tianhao Shan et al. (2023) DOI PMID
[65] Effects of the ketogenic diet on skin-potential benefits and risks
[ 65 ] Natalia ChyliƄska et al. (2025) DOI PMCID PMID
[66] Can keto or low carb diets improve acne?
[ 66 ] Franziska Spritzler et al. (2025) Link
[67] The Effects of a Fasting Mimicking Diet on Skin Hydration, Skin Texture, and Skin Assessment: A Randomized Controlled Trial
[ 67 ] Jessica Maloh et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID
[68] Anti-inflammatory diet can help find eczema triggers
[ 68 ] Eve M. Glazier et al. (2023) Link
[69] Impact of Ketogenic and Low-Glycemic Diets on Inflammatory Skin Conditions
[ 69 ] Katie Roster et al. (2024) DOI PMID
[70] Ketogenic diet in cancer therapy
[ 70 ] Weber DD et al. (2018) DOI PMID
[71] The effect of a ketogenic diet on inflammation-related markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
[ 71 ] Jiawei Ji et al. (2025) DOI PMID
[72] Does the Ketogenic Diet Mediate Inflammation Markers in Obese and Overweight Adults? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
[ 72 ] Mariangela Rondanelli et al. (2024) DOI PMID
[73] Ketogenic diet ameliorates inflammation by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome in osteoarthritis
[ 73 ] Ganggang Kong et al. (2022) DOI PMID
[74] Low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diets: a scoping review of neurological and inflammatory outcomes in human studies and their relevance to chronic pain
[ 74 ] Rowena Field et al. (2023) DOI PMID
[75] The Effects of Carnivore Diet on Inflammatory Serum Markers in Healthy Young Adults
[ 75 ] Jakub Formela et al. (2025) Link
[76] Case report: Carnivore-ketogenic diet for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a case series of 10 patients
[ 76 ] Nicholas G Norwitz et al. (2024) DOI PMID
[77] Carnivore Diet as Regenerative Immunotherapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Literature Review, A Novel Hypothesis and Experimental Design
[ 77 ] Leif Gerrit Keferstein et al. (2024) Link
[78] Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets
[ 78 ] Lydia A Bazzano et al. (2014) DOI PMID