Carbohydrate consumption

Description

Intake of carbohydrates, which affects metabolic health. From an evolutionary perspective, the human body is not designed to handle large amounts of exogenous carbohydrates. Human metabolism is primarily adapted for fat and protein, while glucose was historically produced endogenously through gluconeogenesis from excess protein intake. When carbohydrates are consumed, the body interprets them as if a disproportionately large amount of protein has been ingested. For each gram of carbohydrate eaten, the brain and hormonal system respond as though 8–10 grams of protein were consumed — equivalent to roughly 50–60 grams of meat. This means that a meal containing 100 grams of carbohydrates falsely signals the body that it has received 80–100 grams of protein, corresponding to about 500–600 grams of meat. This mismatch distorts satiety pathways, disrupts appetite regulation, and contributes to abnormal insulin production, inflammatory signaling, and metabolic dysregulation.

Mechanisms of Action

IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1)

[ 87 ] Gnagnarella P et al. (2008) DOI PMID

Systemic Inflammation

[ 88 ] Te Morenga L et al. (2013) DOI PMID

Leaky Gut (Intestinal Permeability)

[ 89 ] Agata Binienda et al. (2020) DOI PMID

Insulin Resistance

Symptoms

Hypertension

[ 90 ] Clive M Brown et al. (2008) DOI PMID [ 91 ] Diana I Jalal et al. (2010) DOI PMID [ 92 ] Alice Victoria Klein et al. (2015) DOI PMID [ 93 ] Laura R Saslow et al. (2023) DOI PMID [ 94 ] Hyeonji Yoo et al. (2024) DOI PMID

Leading to Diseases

Asthma

[ 1 ] Stephanie Musiol et al. (2022) DOI PMID [ 2 ] Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID [ 3 ] Ziwen Qin et al. (2023) DOI PMID

Pollen Allergy (Hay Fever)

Bacterial Meningitis

[ 4 ] Haley Echlin et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID [ 5 ] Lukas J Troxler et al. (2019) DOI PMCID PMID

Bacterial Pneumonia

[ 4 ] Haley Echlin et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID [ 5 ] Lukas J Troxler et al. (2019) DOI PMCID PMID

Clostridioides difficile Infection

[ 6 ] Yannick D N Tremblay et al. (2021) DOI PMCID PMID [ 7 ] J Collins et al. (2018) DOI PMCID PMID [ 8 ] Md Zahidul Alam et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID

E. coli Infection

[ 9 ] Ernesto J Muñoz-Elías et al. (2006) DOI PMID [ 10 ] Larry Reitzer et al. (2019) DOI PMCID PMID

Gonorrhea

[ 11 ] Aimee D Potter et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID

Helicobacter pylori Infection

[ 12 ] Peter Doig et al. (1999) DOI PMCID PMID

Salmonellosis

[ 13 ] Steven D Bowden et al. (2009) DOI PMCID PMID

Staphylococcal Infection

[ 14 ] Mingxia Zheng et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID [ 15 ] Torsten Hartmann et al. (2014) DOI PMCID PMID

Strep Throat

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

[ 9 ] Ernesto J Muñoz-Elías et al. (2006) DOI PMID [ 10 ] Larry Reitzer et al. (2019) DOI PMCID PMID [ 16 ] Jessica N Schaffer et al. (2015) DOI PMCID PMID

Cancer

[ 17 ] Saeid Doaei et al. (2019) DOI PMID [ 18 ] Anna E Arthur et al. (2018) DOI PMID [ 19 ] Christian A Maino Vieytes et al. (2019) DOI PMID [ 20 ] Jian Huang et al. (2017) DOI PMID [ 21 ] Maria V Liberti et al. (2017) DOI PMID [ 22 ] Takahiko Nakagawa et al. (2020) DOI PMID [ 23 ] Siyuan Xia et al. (2017) DOI PMCID PMID

Cardiovascular disease

[ 24 ] David J A Jenkins et al. (2021) DOI PMID [ 25 ] Jingyao Fan et al. (2012) DOI PMCID PMID [ 26 ] S Liu et al. (2000) DOI PMID [ 2 ] Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID

Eating Disorder

Crohn's Disease

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

[ 27 ] Gregory L Austin et al. (2009) DOI PMCID PMID [ 28 ] Sanna Nybacka et al. (2024) DOI PMID

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

[ 29 ] Alireza Farsad-Naeimi et al. (2020) DOI PMID [ 30 ] Sejin Kim et al. (2020) DOI PMID [ 31 ] Amber L Howard et al. (2010) DOI PMID [ 29 ] Alireza Farsad-Naeimi et al. (2020) DOI PMID [ 32 ] Fatemeh Navab et al. (2025) DOI PMID [ 2 ] Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID

Alzheimer's Disease

[ 33 ] Mélissa Gentreau et al. (2020) DOI PMID [ 34 ] Rosebud O Roberts et al. (2012) DOI PMCID PMID [ 35 ] Matthew K Taylor et al. (2017) DOI PMCID PMID [ 36 ] Nil Novau-Ferré et al. (2025) DOI PMCID PMID [ 37 ] Sirui Zhang et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID [ 37 ] Sirui Zhang et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID [ 38 ] Chris Moran et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID [ 39 ] Jin Yu et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID [ 2 ] Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID

Depression

[ 40 ] Yifei Tan et al. (2024) DOI PMID [ 41 ] Batoul Ghosn et al. (2025) DOI PMID [ 42 ] Niayesh Naghshi et al. (2024) DOI PMID

Epilepsy

[ 43 ] Pejman Rohani et al. (2024) DOI PMID [ 44 ] Vishal Sondhi et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID [ 45 ] Heidi H Pfeifer et al. (2005) DOI PMID [ 46 ] Antonio Mutarelli et al. (2023) DOI PMID [ 2 ] Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID

Mental Disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Parkinson's Disease

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder

[ 47 ] Koji Tsuruga et al. (2015) DOI PMID [ 48 ] Bryan D Kraft et al. (2009) DOI PMID [ 49 ] Olakunle James Onaolapo et al. (2021) DOI PMID [ 2 ] Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID

Tourette's Disorder

[ 50 ] Amanda K Ludlow et al. (2018) DOI PMID [ 2 ] Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID

Arthritis

Type 1 Diabetes

[ 51 ] Mikael Knip et al. (2011) DOI PMID [ 52 ] Anna-Maria Lampousi et al. (2021) DOI PMID

Type 2 Diabetes

[ 53 ] David S Ludwig et al. (2021) DOI PMID [ 54 ] Tian Hu et al. (2012) DOI PMID [ 55 ] Geoffrey Livesey et al. (2019) DOI PMID [ 56 ] Fenping Zheng et al. (2010) DOI PMID [ 38 ] Chris Moran et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

[ 57 ] Luigi Barrea et al. (2018) DOI PMID [ 58 ] Xiaoshuai Zhang et al. (2019) DOI PMID [ 59 ] Leonardo M Porchia et al. (2020) DOI PMID [ 60 ] Antonio Mancini et al. (2021) DOI PMID [ 61 ] Małgorzata Szczuko et al. (2021) DOI PMID [ 62 ] Justyna Jurczewska et al. (2022) DOI PMID [ 63 ] Han Zhao et al. (2023) DOI PMID [ 64 ] Xiushen Li et al. (2024) DOI PMID [ 65 ] Csanád Endre Lőrincz et al. (2025) DOI PMID [ 66 ] Jim Parker et al. (2025) DOI PMID

Scurvy

Psoriasis

[ 67 ] Mette Gyldenløve et al. (2015) DOI PMID [ 68 ] Alfred A Chan et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID [ 69 ] Ewa Duchnik et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID [ 70 ] Luigi Barrea et al. (2015) DOI PMCID PMID [ 71 ] Maria L. Musumeci et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID

Shingles (Herpes Zoster)

Viral Infection

[ 72 ] Funmilola Elizabeth Audu et al. (2022) DOI PMID [ 73 ] Emily L Goldberg et al. (2020) DOI PMID

Gut Dysbiosis

Low blood sugar

Acne

[ 74 ] Young Bok Lee et al. (2019) DOI PMCID PMID [ 75 ] Yongqiong Deng et al. (2018) DOI PMID [ 76 ] Brigitte Dréno et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID [ 77 ] Laetitia Penso et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID [ 78 ] James Meixiong et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID [ 79 ] Shereen N Mahmood et al. (2014) Link PMID [ 80 ] Rebecca C Reynolds et al. (2010) DOI PMCID PMID [ 81 ] Katewadee Roengritthidet et al. (2021) DOI PMCID PMID

Eczema (Dermatitis)

[ 82 ] K Solvoll et al. (2000) DOI PMID [ 83 ] Jun Jie Lim et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID [ 84 ] Proietti Ilaria et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID [ 85 ] Judy Shan et al. (2025) DOI PMCID PMID [ 86 ] M Mansilla-Polo et al. (2024) DOI PMID

Lichen Planus

Rosacea

Sources

[1] Dietary digestible carbohydrates are associated with higher prevalence of asthma in humans and with aggravated lung allergic inflammation in mice

[ 1 ] Stephanie Musiol et al. (2022) DOI PMID

[2] Dietary dThe Burden of Carbohydrates in Health and Disease

[ 2 ] Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID

[3] Obesity alters inflammatory response in the pathology of asthma (Review)

[ 3 ] Ziwen Qin et al. (2023) DOI PMID

[4] Role of the pyruvate metabolic network on carbohydrate metabolism and virulence in Streptococcus pneumoniae

[ 4 ] Haley Echlin et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID

[5] Carbon source regulates polysaccharide capsule biosynthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae

[ 5 ] Lukas J Troxler et al. (2019) DOI PMCID PMID

[6] Metabolic adaption to extracellular pyruvate triggers biofilm formation in Clostridioides difficile

[ 6 ] Yannick D N Tremblay et al. (2021) DOI PMCID PMID

[7] Dietary trehalose enhances virulence of epidemic Clostridium difficile

[ 7 ] J Collins et al. (2018) DOI PMCID PMID

[8] Clostridioides difficile Toxins: Host Cell Interactions and Their Role in Disease Pathogenesis

[ 8 ] Md Zahidul Alam et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID

[9] Carbon metabolism of intracellular bacteria

[ 9 ] Ernesto J Muñoz-Elías et al. (2006) DOI PMID

[10] Rapid Growth and Metabolism of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Relation to Urine Composition

[ 10 ] Larry Reitzer et al. (2019) DOI PMCID PMID

[11] Dinner Date: Neisseria gonorrhoeae central carbon metabolism and pathogenesis

[ 11 ] Aimee D Potter et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID

[12] Helicobacter pylori Physiology Predicted from Genomic Comparison of Two Strains

[ 12 ] Peter Doig et al. (1999) DOI PMCID PMID

[13] Glucose and Glycolysis Are Required for the Successful Infection of Macrophages and Mice by Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium

[ 13 ] Steven D Bowden et al. (2009) DOI PMCID PMID

[14] CcpA Regulates Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation through Direct Repression of Staphylokinase Expression

[ 14 ] Mingxia Zheng et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID

[15] The Catabolite Control Protein E (CcpE) Affects Virulence Determinant Production and Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus*

[ 15 ] Torsten Hartmann et al. (2014) DOI PMCID PMID

[16] Proteus mirabilis and Urinary Tract Infections

[ 16 ] Jessica N Schaffer et al. (2015) DOI PMCID PMID

[17] Dietary Carbohydrate Promotes Cell Survival in Cancer Via the Up-Regulation of Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene Expression Level

[ 17 ] Saeid Doaei et al. (2019) DOI PMID

[18] Higher carbohydrate intake is associated with increased risk of all-cause and disease-specific mortality in head and neck cancer patients: results from a prospective cohort study

[ 18 ] Anna E Arthur et al. (2018) DOI PMID

[19] Carbohydrate Nutrition and the Risk of Cancer

[ 19 ] Christian A Maino Vieytes et al. (2019) DOI PMID

[20] A meta-analysis between dietary carbohydrate intake and colorectal cancer risk: evidence from 17 observational studies

[ 20 ] Jian Huang et al. (2017) DOI PMID

[21] The Warburg Effect: How Does it Benefit Cancer Cells?

[ 21 ] Maria V Liberti et al. (2017) DOI PMID

[22] Fructose contributes to the Warburg effect for cancer growth

[ 22 ] Takahiko Nakagawa et al. (2020) DOI PMID

[23] Prevention of Dietary-Fat-Fueled Ketogenesis Attenuates BRAF V600E Tumor Growth

[ 23 ] Siyuan Xia et al. (2017) DOI PMCID PMID

[24] Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality

[ 24 ] David J A Jenkins et al. (2021) DOI PMID

[25] Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and stroke mortality: a systematic review with meta-analysis

[ 25 ] Jingyao Fan et al. (2012) DOI PMCID PMID

[26] A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women

[ 26 ] S Liu et al. (2000) DOI PMID

[27] A Very Low-carbohydrate Diet Improves Symptoms and Quality of Life in Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome

[ 27 ] Gregory L Austin et al. (2009) DOI PMCID PMID

[28] A low FODMAP diet plus traditional dietary advice versus a low-carbohydrate diet versus pharmacological treatment in irritable bowel syndrome (CARIBS): a single-centre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial

[ 28 ] Sanna Nybacka et al. (2024) DOI PMID

[29] Sugar consumption, sugar sweetened beverages and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

[ 29 ] Alireza Farsad-Naeimi et al. (2020) DOI PMID

[30] Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages before 2 Years of Age and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

[ 30 ] Sejin Kim et al. (2020) DOI PMID

[31] ADHD is associated with a "Western" dietary pattern in adolescents

[ 31 ] Amber L Howard et al. (2010) DOI PMID

[32] Associations between dietary inflammatory index (DII) scores and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children

[ 32 ] Fatemeh Navab et al. (2025) DOI PMID

[33] Refined carbohydrate-rich diet is associated with long-term risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in apolipoprotein E ε4 allele carriers

[ 33 ] Mélissa Gentreau et al. (2020) DOI PMID

[34] Relative Intake of Macronutrients Impacts Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment or dementia

[ 34 ] Rosebud O Roberts et al. (2012) DOI PMCID PMID

[35] A high-glycemic diet is associated with cerebral amyloid burden in cognitively normal older adults

[ 35 ] Matthew K Taylor et al. (2017) DOI PMCID PMID

[36] Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of dementia: a prospective analysis within the UK Biobank cohort

[ 36 ] Nil Novau-Ferré et al. (2025) DOI PMCID PMID

[37] Associations of sugar intake, high-sugar dietary pattern, and the risk of dementia: a prospective cohort study of 210,832 participants

[ 37 ] Sirui Zhang et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID

[38] Glycemic Control Over Multiple Decades and Dementia Risk in People With Type 2 Diabetes

[ 38 ] Chris Moran et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID

[39] Cumulative effect of impaired fasting glucose on the risk of dementia in middle-aged and elderly people: a nationwide cohort study

[ 39 ] Jin Yu et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID

[40] Higher caloric ratio of carbohydrate intake associated with increased risk of depression: A cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data from 2005 to 2020

[ 40 ] Yifei Tan et al. (2024) DOI PMID

[41] The association between quality and quantity of carbohydrate with sleep, mood, anxiety, depression and stress among elderly

[ 41 ] Batoul Ghosn et al. (2025) DOI PMID

[42] Association Between Different Dietary Carbohydrate and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among Female Adolescents

[ 42 ] Niayesh Naghshi et al. (2024) DOI PMID

[43] The efficacy of low glycemic index diet on seizure frequency in pediatric patients with epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

[ 43 ] Pejman Rohani et al. (2024) DOI PMID

[44] Efficacy of Ketogenic Diet, Modified Atkins Diet, and Low Glycemic Index Therapy Diet Among Children With Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Randomized Clinical Trial

[ 44 ] Vishal Sondhi et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID

[45] Low-glycemic-index treatment: a liberalized ketogenic diet for treatment of intractable epilepsy

[ 45 ] Heidi H Pfeifer et al. (2005) DOI PMID

[46] Modified Atkins diet for drug-resistant epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

[ 46 ] Antonio Mutarelli et al. (2023) DOI PMID

[47] Dietary patterns and schizophrenia: a comparison with healthy controls

[ 47 ] Koji Tsuruga et al. (2015) DOI PMID

[48] Schizophrenia, gluten, and low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets: a case report and review of the literature

[ 48 ] Bryan D Kraft et al. (2009) DOI PMID

[49] Dietary patterns and schizophrenia: a comparison with healthy controls

[ 49 ] Olakunle James Onaolapo et al. (2021) DOI PMID

[50] Understanding the impact of diet and nutrition on symptoms of Tourette syndrome: A scoping review

[ 50 ] Amanda K Ludlow et al. (2018) DOI PMID

[51] Early feeding and risk of type 1 diabetes: experiences from the Trial to Reduce Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR)

[ 51 ] Mikael Knip et al. (2011) DOI PMID

[52] Dietary factors and risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

[ 52 ] Anna-Maria Lampousi et al. (2021) DOI PMID

[53] The carbohydrate-insulin model: a physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic

[ 53 ] David S Ludwig et al. (2021) DOI PMID

[54] Effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials

[ 54 ] Tian Hu et al. (2012) DOI PMID

[55] Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Assessment of Causal Relations

[ 55 ] Geoffrey Livesey et al. (2019) DOI PMID

[56] Relationships between glucose excursion and the activation of oxidative stress in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose regulation

[ 56 ] Fenping Zheng et al. (2010) DOI PMID

[57] Source and amount of carbohydrate in the diet and inflammation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

[ 57 ] Luigi Barrea et al. (2018) DOI PMID

[58] The Effect of Low Carbohydrate Diet on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

[ 58 ] Xiaoshuai Zhang et al. (2019) DOI PMID

[59] Diets with lower carbohydrate concentrations improve insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A meta-analysis

[ 59 ] Leonardo M Porchia et al. (2020) DOI PMID

[60] Oxidative Stress and Low-Grade Inflammation in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Controversies and New Insights

[ 60 ] Antonio Mancini et al. (2021) DOI PMID

[61] Nutrition Strategy and Life Style in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome—Narrative Review

[ 61 ] Małgorzata Szczuko et al. (2021) DOI PMID

[62] The Influence of Diet on Ovulation Disorders in Women—A Narrative Review

[ 62 ] Justyna Jurczewska et al. (2022) DOI PMID

[63] Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome across various tissues: an updated review of pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment

[ 63 ] Han Zhao et al. (2023) DOI PMID

[64] When IGF-1 Meets Metabolic Inflammation and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

[ 64 ] Xiushen Li et al. (2024) DOI PMID

[65] Mechanisms and Target Parameters in Relation to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Physical Exercise: Focus on the Master Triad of Hormonal Changes, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation

[ 65 ] Csanád Endre Lőrincz et al. (2025) DOI PMID

[66] Recognizing the Role of Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Paradigm Shift from a Glucose-Centric Approach to an Insulin-Centric Model

[ 66 ] Jim Parker et al. (2025) DOI PMID

[67] Patients with psoriasis are insulin resistant

[ 67 ] Mette Gyldenløve et al. (2015) DOI PMID

[68] Association between baseline insulin resistance and psoriasis incidence: the Women's Health Initiative

[ 68 ] Alfred A Chan et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID

[69] The Impact of Diet and Physical Activity on Psoriasis: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence

[ 69 ] Ewa Duchnik et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID

[70] Nutrition: a key environmental dietary factor in clinical severity and cardio-metabolic risk in psoriatic male patients evaluated by 7-day food-frequency questionnaire

[ 70 ] Luigi Barrea et al. (2015) DOI PMCID PMID

[71] The role of lifestyle and nutrition in psoriasis: Current status of knowledge and interventions

[ 71 ] Maria L. Musumeci et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID

[72] High-carbohydrate diet lacked the potential to ameliorate parasitemia and oxidative stress in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei

[ 72 ] Funmilola Elizabeth Audu et al. (2022) DOI PMID

[73] Ketogenic diet activates protective γδ T cell responses against influenza virus infection

[ 73 ] Emily L Goldberg et al. (2020) DOI PMID

[74] Potential Role of the Microbiome in Acne: A Comprehensive Review

[ 74 ] Young Bok Lee et al. (2019) DOI PMCID PMID

[75] Patients with Acne Vulgaris Have a Distinct Gut Microbiota in Comparison with Healthy Controls

[ 75 ] Yongqiong Deng et al. (2018) DOI PMID

[76] The Skin Microbiome: A New Actor in Inflammatory Acne

[ 76 ] Brigitte Dréno et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID

[77] Association Between Adult Acne and Dietary Behaviors: Findings From the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort Study

[ 77 ] Laetitia Penso et al. (2020) DOI PMCID PMID

[78] Diet and acne: A systematic review

[ 78 ] James Meixiong et al. (2022) DOI PMCID PMID

[79] Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit

[ 79 ] Shereen N Mahmood et al. (2014) Link PMID

[80] Effect of the glycemic index of carbohydrates on Acne vulgaris

[ 80 ] Rebecca C Reynolds et al. (2010) DOI PMCID PMID

[81] Association Between Diet and Acne Severity: A Cross-sectional Study in Thai Adolescents and Adults

[ 81 ] Katewadee Roengritthidet et al. (2021) DOI PMCID PMID

[82] Dietary habits among patients with atopic dermatitis

[ 82 ] K Solvoll et al. (2000) DOI PMID

[83] Dietary Patterns and their Impact on Atopic Dermatitis: A Comprehensive Review

[ 83 ] Jun Jie Lim et al. (2024) DOI PMCID PMID

[84] The Role of the Western Diet on Atopic Dermatitis: Our Experience and Review of the Current Literature

[ 84 ] Proietti Ilaria et al. (2023) DOI PMCID PMID

[85] Dietary Sugar and Atopic Dermatitis in a Longitudinal Birth Cohort

[ 85 ] Judy Shan et al. (2025) DOI PMCID PMID

[86] Popular Diets and Skin Effects: A Narrative Review

[ 86 ] M Mansilla-Polo et al. (2024) DOI PMID

[87] Dietary glycemic load and cancer risk

[ 87 ] Gnagnarella P et al. (2008) DOI PMID

[88] Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses

[ 88 ] Te Morenga L et al. (2013) DOI PMID

[89] Dietary Carbohydrates and Lipids in the Pathogenesis of Leaky Gut Syndrome: An Overview

[ 89 ] Agata Binienda et al. (2020) DOI PMID

[90] Fructose ingestion acutely elevates blood pressure in healthy young humans

[ 90 ] Clive M Brown et al. (2008) DOI PMID

[91] Increased fructose associates with elevated blood pressure

[ 91 ] Diana I Jalal et al. (2010) DOI PMID

[92] The mechanisms underlying fructose-induced hypertension: a review

[ 92 ] Alice Victoria Klein et al. (2015) DOI PMID

[93] Comparing Very Low-Carbohydrate vs DASH Diets for Overweight or Obese Adults With Hypertension and Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial

[ 93 ] Laura R Saslow et al. (2023) DOI PMID

[94] Carbohydrate Intake Levels and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Populations: A Prospective Study

[ 94 ] Hyeonji Yoo et al. (2024) DOI PMID